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- Definition: Number of public school students receiving special education services, by primary disability type (e.g., in 2020, 125,308 California students were enrolled in special education for autism).Number of public school students receiving special education services per 1,000 students, by primary disability type (e.g., in 2020, 20.3 per 1,000 California students were enrolled in special education for autism).
- Data Source: California Dept. of Education, DataQuest & Special Education Division custom tabulation; National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics (Jun. 2021).
- Footnote: Years presented are the final year of a school year (e.g., 2019-20 is shown as 2020). California data include children and youth ages 0-22, whereas data for the U.S. include those ages 3-21. Disability types reflect primary disability categories as defined here. Some rates for deaf-blindness and established medical disability have been rounded to 0.0 and should not be interpreted as no cases reported. The notation S refers to rates that have been suppressed because there were fewer than 280 total students with special education disabilities, and to numbers that have been suppressed because there were between 1 and 10 students in that group or to protect confidentiality. N/A means that data are not available or that the rate was far above average for that year (more than 3 standard deviations above the mean).
Learn More About Characteristics of Children with Special Needs
- Measures of Characteristics of Children with Special Needs on Kidsdata.org
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On kidsdata.org, indicators related to children with special health care needs (CSHCN) include data on demographics and other characteristics, the impacts of special health care needs on children and their families, health insurance coverage, and access to and quality of health care and other services.* See kidsdata.org's CSHCN category for a full list of indicators.In this topic on characteristics of children with special needs, kidsdata.org also provides:
- The prevalence of special education disabilities among public school students, as measured by the number of students receiving special education services overall and for each primary disability type, along with the rate per 1,000 total enrollees†
- The estimated number and percentage of children with major disabilities, as single-year and five-year estimates, by county, city, school district, and/or legislative district; these data also are available by health insurance coverage status‡
- The number of active enrollees in the California Children's Services (CCS) program (i.e., enrollees with paid claims), by age group§
- The estimated percentage of children who have been administered a standardized development and behavioral screening tool, as based on parent reports
* Most of these measures come from the National Survey of Children's Health, in which data are collected from interviews with parents. In this survey, CSHCN are defined as children who have or are at increased risk for a chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional condition and require health and related services of a type or amount beyond that required by children generally.
† Special education gives students with specific disabilities access to public education. Special education programs provide early intervention services for disabled children from birth to age 3, early childhood education from ages 3 to 5, and instruction in the least restrictive environment up to age 22. According to the California Department of Education, children and youth ages 5-18 account for about 90% of the population enrolled in special education; children ages 0-4 and young adults ages 19-22 account for about 10%.
‡ These data come from the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey, in which children are classified as having major disabilities if they have one or more serious difficulties in hearing, vision, cognitive ability, ambulatory ability, self-care, or independent living.
§ These data are analyzed by the Stanford Center for Policy, Outcomes and Prevention. The CCS program helps ensure access to essential health care services for California children ages 0-21 with serious diseases. It is a joint state-county program that provides medical case management and health care service authorization to eligible children. For more information and eligibility criteria, visit the California Dept. of Health Care Services. CCS eligibility extends to children with chronic diseases as well as to those with acute injuries; therefore many, but not all, CCS enrollees can be considered CSHCN. -
- Characteristics of Children with Special Needs
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- Children with Special Health Care Needs
- by Age Group (California & U.S. Only)
- by Sex (California & U.S. Only)
- by Income Level (California & U.S. Only)
- by Race/Ethnicity (California & U.S. Only)
- by Race/Ethnicity and Income Level (California & U.S. Only)
- by Receipt of SSI Benefits (California & U.S. Only)
- by Type of Condition (California & U.S. Only)
- by Number of Conditions (California & U.S. Only)
- by Complexity of Need (California & U.S. Only)
- by Type of Health Insurance (California & U.S. Only)
- Prevalence of Special Health Care Needs Among Children, by Type of Health Insurance (California & U.S. Only)
- Children with Behavioral or Mental Health Conditions, by Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Children's Weight Level, by Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Children with Adverse Experiences (Parent Reported), by Number and Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Children Who Are Resilient (Parent Reported), by Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Prevalence of Special Education Disabilities Among Students, by Disability Type
- Children with Major Disabilities
- Children with and without Major Disabilities, by Health Insurance Coverage Status
- Active California Children's Services (CCS) Enrollees, by Age Group
- Children Who Have Received a Developmental Screening
- Children with Special Health Care Needs
- Asthma
- Bullying and Harassment at School
- Student Demographics
- Access to Services for Children with Special Needs
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- Preventive Care Visits, by Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Dental Care Visits, by Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Usual Source of Sick Care, by Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Difficulty Getting Needed Referrals for Children with Special Health Care Needs (California & U.S. Only)
- Treatment or Counseling Services for Children with Special Health Care Needs with Behavioral or Mental Health Conditions (California & U.S. Only)
- Early Intervention or Special Education Services, by Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- School Provides Services for Students with Special Needs (Staff Reported)
- Unmet Health Care Needs, by Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Children's Emotional Health
- Cancer
- Impacts of Special Health Care Needs on Children and Families
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- Children with Special Health Care Needs Whose Conditions Consistently Affect Their Daily Activities (California & Other States Only)
- School Days Missed Among Children with Special Health Care Needs (California & U.S. Only)
- Repeated Grades in School, by Special Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Overnight Hospital Stays Among Children with Special Health Care Needs (California Only)
- Children with Special Health Care Needs Whose Families Spend 11 or More Hours per Week Providing Care (California & Other States Only)
- Children Whose Parents Feel Aggravation from Parenting, by Special Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Children with Special Health Care Needs Whose Family Members Avoid Changing Jobs to Maintain Health Insurance (California & U.S. Only)
- Children with Special Health Care Needs Whose Health Impacts Family Members' Employment (California & U.S. Only)
- Out-of-Pocket Medical Expenses for Children with Special Health Care Needs, by Type of Health Insurance (California & U.S. Only)
- Children with Special Health Care Needs Whose Conditions Cause Family Financial Problems (California & Other States Only)
- Quality of Care for Children with Special Health Care Needs
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- Receipt of Care in a Well-Functioning Health System, by Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Adequacy of Health Insurance Coverage, by Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Consistency of Health Insurance Coverage, by Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Shared Decision-Making Between Providers and Families, by Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Receipt of Care Within a Medical Home, by Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Receipt of Family-Centered Care, by Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Receipt of Needed Care Coordination, by Special Health Care Needs Status (California & U.S. Only)
- Dental Care
- School Attendance and Discipline
- Health Care
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- Health Insurance Coverage, by Type and Age Group
- Health Insurance Coverage Status, by Race/Ethnicity
- Medicaid (Medi-Cal) or Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Coverage
- Medicaid (Medi-Cal) or CHIP Coverage, by Age Group (California & U.S. Only)
- Medicaid (Medi-Cal) and CHIP Yearly Enrollment (California & U.S. Only)
- Medi-Cal Average Monthly Enrollment
- Uninsured at Any Point in Past Year
- Medical Care Delayed or Forgone in Past Year
- Length of Time Since Teen's Last Check-Up
- Usual Source of Health Care
- School Health Centers
- School Provides Adequate Health Services (Staff Reported)
- Health Status
- Injuries
- Low Birthweight and Preterm Births
- Weight
- Why This Topic Is Important
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Nearly 1.4 million California children, and more than 15 million children nationwide, have or are at increased risk for a chronic health condition and require care and related services of a type or amount beyond that required by children generally (1). As advances in technology and medicine continue to improve and extend the lives of children with special health care needs (CSHCN), these numbers are expected to grow (2). Over the next decade, for instance, it is estimated that the number of children with medically complex conditions will double (3).
When compared with children who do not have ongoing physical, developmental, behavioral, or mental health problems, CSHCN are more likely to be limited in their ability to function and participate in daily activities (2, 4). They also are more likely to experience social problems, academic challenges, and other types of adversity that can complicate their medical care (5). As a result, CSHCN often rely on a range of services from multiple sectors, and their parents and family members often face higher caregiving burdens and experience more stress and difficulties with employment and finances when compared with other families (6).
Obtaining timely, appropriate, and affordable care is a major problem for many CSHCN families (4, 5). Beyond service system barriers, social factors and practices—such as poverty and discrimination (e.g., on the basis of race/ethnicity or ability)—influence access to care, and, as a result, health outcomes. For example, CSHCN of color and those in low-income families are more likely to have unmet health needs and limited access to high-quality care when compared with their more affluent and white peers (7). They also are less likely to access other important resources such as quality education and stable housing (7).The data provided here on characteristics of CSHCN can be useful for projecting needs, targeting social determinants of health, and developing program and policy solutions to ensure that all CSHCN reach their maximum health potential.
For more information, see kidsdata.org’s Research & Links section or visit Lucile Packard Foundation for Children's Health.
Sources for this narrative:
1. Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. (n.d.). 2022 National Survey of Children's Health data query: Percent of children, ages 0 through 17, with special health care needs (CSHCN). Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative & U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from: https://www.childhealthdata.org/browse/survey/results?q=10025&r=1&r2=6
2. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2023). The future pediatric subspecialty physician workforce: Meeting the needs of infants, children, and adolescents. National Academies Press. Retrieved from: https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27207/the-future-pediatric-subspecialty-physician-workforce-meeting-the-needs-of
3. Kelly, E., & Layton, K. (2023). California's children need access to pediatric subspecialists. Children's Specialty Care Coalition. Retrieved from: https://lpfch.org/resource/californias-children-need-access-to-pediatric-subspecialists
4. Kuo, D. Z., et al. (2022). Access to services for children and youth with special health care needs and their families: Concepts and considerations for an integrated systems redesign. Pediatrics, 149(Suppl. 7), e2021056150H. Retrieved from: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/149/Supplement%207/e2021056150H/188217/Access-to-Services-for-Children-and-Youth-With
5. Brown, T. W., et al. (Eds.). (2022). Blueprint for Change: A national framework for a system of services for children and youth with special health care needs. Pediatrics, 149(Suppl. 7). Retrieved from: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/issue/149/Supplement%207
6. Sellmaier, C. (2022). Physical and mental health of mothers and fathers caring for children with special health care needs: The influence of community resources. Journal of Family Issues, 43(11), 2815-2840. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0192513X211035580
7. Houtrow, A., et al. (2022). Health equity for children and youth with special health care needs: A vision for the future. Pediatrics, 149(Suppl. 7), e2021056150F. Retrieved from: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/149/Supplement%207/e2021056150F/188222/Health-Equity-for-Children-and-Youth-With-Special - How Children Are Faring
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In 2022, an estimated 21% of U.S. children and 16% of California children ages 0-17 had special health care needs—meaning they had or were at increased risk for a chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional condition and required health and related services of a type or amount beyond that required by children generally. Across California counties and county groups, the share of children with special health care needs (CSHCN) ranged from 10% to 20%. An estimated 65% of CSHCN statewide had more than one chronic condition, and 27% had more than three. Children with more complex health care needs (those whose conditions are not managed primarily through prescription medication and who require additional care, services, or therapies) made up more than three-quarters (77%) of the state's CSHCN.
California CSHCN had higher rates of health insurance coverage than their peers without special health care needs in 2022. They also had higher rates of overweight or obesity, behavioral or mental health conditions, and adverse childhood experiences, and lower rates of resilience (usually or always staying calm and in control when faced with a challenge).
Nearly 40% of California CSHCN lived on household income lower than 200% of the poverty threshold ($59,356 annually for a family of two adults and two children). Among families of Hispanic/Latino CSHCN, the share was more than 50%, compared with fewer than 20% for families of white CSHCN.
Children with major disabilities represent 3.8% of California's child population, according to 2021 estimates. This amounts to more than 330,000 children ages 0-17 with one or more or more serious impairments in hearing, vision, cognition, walking, or self-care. Across counties with data, the percentage of children with major disabilities ranged from less than 2% to more than 7% in 2016-2020.
More than one in eight California public school students ages 0-22 received special education services for a disability in 2020. Statewide and nationally, learning disabilities, speech/language impairments, and autism are the most prevalent primary disabilities in the student body. The rate of autism among California students nearly doubled between 2011 and 2020, from 10.6 students per 1,000 to 20.3 per 1,000, mirroring national trends. At the local level, rates of autism ranged from fewer than 10 students per 1,000 to more than 25 per 1,000 across counties with data in 2020.
In 2021-2022, an estimated 48% of children ages 1-11 statewide had received a standardized developmental screening. Across counties with data, the share of children receiving developmental screenings ranged from less than 30% to more than 70%. - Policy Implications
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Children with special health care needs (CSHCN), like all young people, need ready access to appropriate physical and mental health care, educational opportunities, and, sometimes, social services and other support (1). CSHCN, especially those with more complex conditions, frequently encounter obstacles to obtaining timely access to pediatric subspecialty providers and receiving comprehensive, coordinated, high-quality health care (1, 2). They also are more likely than children without special needs to experience psychosocial problems, difficulties with school, and other life challenges (1). Their families, too, often face significant caregiving burdens and economic, employment, and personal stress in excess of families without CSHCN (1, 3). While most CSHCN do not receive all aspects of quality health care, inequities in access to care and other resources are especially pronounced for children of color and low-income children (4). Home and community environments, family structure, and insurance coverage also have been linked to disparities in obtaining care (2, 5, 6).
Achieving equity in access to care and health outcomes for CSHCN requires addressing the root causes of disparities, such as poverty and discrimination, and overcoming cross-sector challenges involving resources and financing, system coordination, workforce development and training, and political will (4).
Policy, system, and practice options to promote the health and well being of CSHCN and their families should address:- Equity-focused systems change: Systems serving CSHCN can be strengthened through comprehensive, equity-focused programs and policies at the local, state, and national levels. Frameworks such as the national Blueprint for Change aim to improve service access and financing, reduce disparities, and enhance the lives of children and families (1, 4). In California, continued efforts are needed to improve equity and access across state systems serving CSHCN, including the regional center system and the California Children's Services (CCS) program (7, 8).
- Comprehensive and consistent health care coverage: CSHCN need comprehensive insurance that provides adequate coverage for medical and mental health care, access to specialty care providers, care coordination and integration, and long-term supportive services (1, 2). These children also need consistent coverage, without gaps that can cause delays in needed care. Appropriate reimbursement, especially by Medicaid (Medi-Cal), is critical to ensuring that high-quality services are available from an adequate network of providers (2, 4, 9).
- Early and frequent screening: Regular screenings for special health care needs beginning early in a child's life have the potential to reduce long-term consequences of some chronic conditions, highlighting the urgency for equitable access to early identification and intervention services (10).
- Family-centered care: CSHCN tend to have better health outcomes when they receive family-centered care—from providers who engage with families, include them as partners in decision-making, and prioritize their needs, values, and goals (1, 6). Concerted efforts are needed to address family-centered care disparities for CSHCN, particularly by family socioeconomic status (1, 6).
- High quality, well-coordinated, integrated services: CSHCN benefit from evidence-based health care services provided in the context of a medical home, which assures high quality, well-coordinated care, including integrated physical, oral, mental, and behavioral health care and collaboration across community, school, and home-based support services (2, 5). Delivery of this type of care is uneven, and often is connected to insurance reimbursement policies (4).
- Place-based care: Telehealth and other innovative methods of care—such as co-management (in which subspecialists and other providers actively coordinate)—can increase access to services for CSHCN families facing geographic or other barriers (2, 4, 5).
- Inclusion: Providing CSHCN with opportunities for inclusion with other children in academic, social, and recreational settings is critical to their development and can maximize achievement and quality of life (11).
- Culturally responsive workforce: A health care workforce that reflects the cultural and linguistic diversity of CSHCN could help reduce disparities and improve health outcomes (1, 2). All sectors serving CSHCN, including medical subspecialties, should have a diverse workforce trained on culturally responsive practices (4, 12).
- Continuity across service sectors: CSHCN often must move across service sectors, such as from the pediatric to adult health care system as they age. Continuity and support across systems and sectors should be prioritized, along with minimizing new hurdles to accessing services (4).
- Robust investments in financing reform: A complicated web of service systems with dueling eligibility criteria and confusing payment policies can result in delayed or denied services for CSHCN and financial hardship for families (1). Current financing systems disincentivize equity, promote fragmentation, and impede reform (4, 5). Public investments are needed to transform financing models in ways that support integrated, comprehensive care, minimize hardship for families, and address structural discrimination (1, 4). This includes adequate state and federal funding for public systems serving CSHCN (2, 9).
For more information, see kidsdata.org’s Research & Links section or visit Lucile Packard Foundation for Children's Health.
Sources for this narrative:
1. McLellan, S. E., et al. (2022). A Blueprint for Change: Guiding principles for a system of services for children and youth with special health care needs and their families. Pediatrics, 149(Suppl. 7), e2021056150C. Retrieved from: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/149/Supplement%207/e2021056150C/188225/A-Blueprint-for-Change-Guiding-Principles-for-a
2. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2023). The future pediatric subspecialty physician workforce: Meeting the needs of infants, children, and adolescents. National Academies Press. Retrieved from: https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27207/the-future-pediatric-subspecialty-physician-workforce-meeting-the-needs-of
3. Sellmaier, C. (2022). Physical and mental health of mothers and fathers caring for children with special health care needs: The influence of community resources. Journal of Family Issues, 43(11), 2815-2840. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0192513X211035580
4. Houtrow, A., et al. (2022). Health equity for children and youth with special health care needs: A vision for the future. Pediatrics, 149(Suppl. 7), e2021056150F. Retrieved from: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/149/Supplement%207/e2021056150F/188222/Health-Equity-for-Children-and-Youth-With-Special
5. Kuo, D. Z., et al. (2022). Access to services for children and youth with special health care needs and their families: Concepts and considerations for an integrated systems redesign. Pediatrics, 149(Suppl. 7), e2021056150H. Retrieved from: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/149/Supplement%207/e2021056150H/188217/Access-to-Services-for-Children-and-Youth-With
6. Morgan, P. L., et al. (2022). Disparities in family-centered care among U.S. children and youth with special healthcare needs. Journal of Pediatrics, 253, 297–303.e6. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10635424
7. Public Counsel. (2022). Examining racial and ethnic inequities among children served under California’s developmental services system: Where things currently stand. Retrieved from: https://lpfch.org/resource/examining-racial-and-ethnic-inequities-among-children-served-under-californias-developmental-services-system-where-things-currently-stand
8. Rienks, J. (2023). California Children’s Services needs assessment: Looking back to move forward. UC San Francisco Family Health Outcomes Project. Retrieved from: https://lpfch.org/resource/california-childrens-services-needs-assessment-looking-back-to-move-forward
9. Kelly, E., & Layton, K. (2023). California's children need access to pediatric subspecialists. Children's Specialty Care Coalition. Retrieved from: https://lpfch.org/resource/californias-children-need-access-to-pediatric-subspecialists
10. Meurer, J., et al. (2022). Improving child development screening: Implications for professional practice and patient equity. Journal of Primary Care and Community Health, 13. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/21501319211062676
11. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2018). Opportunities for improving programs and services for children with disabilities. National Academies Press. Retrieved from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25028/opportunities-for-improving-programs-and-services-for-children-with-disabilities
12. National Center for Learning Disabilities. (2023). Significant disproportionality in special education: Current trends and actions for impact. Retrieved from: https://www.ncld.org/?resources=in-vitae-turpis-massa - Research & Links
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- Websites with Related Information
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- Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs (AMCHP)
- California Dept. of Education: Special Education
- California Dept. of Health Care Services: California Children's Services
- Catalyst Center. Boston University School of Social Work.
- Center for Parent Information and Resources. Statewide Parent Advocacy Network.
- Children's Regional Integrated Service System (CRISS)
- Disability Rights California
- Family Voices
- IDEA Partnership. National Association of State Directors of Special Education.
- Lucile Packard Foundation for Children's Health: Program for Children with Special Health Care Needs
- Maternal and Child Health Bureau: Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services.
- Mathematica: Disability
- National Academy for State Health Policy (NASHP)
- National Center for Learning Disabilities
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- Support for Families of Children with Disabilities
- Key Reports and Research
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- A State Multi-Sector Framework for Supporting Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs. (2018). Lucile Packard Foundation for Children’s Health. Child Trends.
- Assessing ESSA: Missed Opportunities for Students with Disabilities. (2018). National Center for Learning Disabilities. Turner, M., et al.
- Blueprint for Change: A National Framework for a System of Services for Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs. (2022). Pediatrics. Brown, T. W., et al. (Eds.).
- Children with Special Health Care Needs Face Challenges Accessing Information, Support, and Services. (2020). Child Trends. Abdi, F. M., et al.
- Children with Special Health Care Needs: NSCH Data Brief. (2020). Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau.
- Confronting Inequities in California’s Funding of Services for Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Sobering View of Our Current Standpoint. (2020). Lucile Packard Foundation for Children’s Health. Public Counsel.
- Fulfilling the Promise of IDEA. (2018). American Institutes for Research.
- Hidden in Plain Sight: California Children Using Long-Term Care Services. (2015). Lucile Packard Foundation for Children's Health & Learning Partnerships. Brousseau, R., & MacDonald, S.
- Immigrant Families, Children with Special Health Care Needs, and the Medical Home. (2016). Pediatrics. Kan, K., et al.
- In Their Own Words: Improving the Care Experience of Families with Children with Special Health Care Needs. (2015). Lucile Packard Foundation for Children’s Health & University of California San Francisco. Hughes, D.
- Opportunities for Improving Programs and Services for Children with Disabilities. (2018). National Academies Press. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
- Psychosocial Factors in Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs and Their Families. (2019). Pediatrics. Mattson, G., et al.
- Significant Disproportionality in Special Education: Current Trends and Actions for Impact (2020). National Center for Learning Disabilities.
- Standards for Systems of Care for Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs: Version 2.0. (2017). Lucile Packard Foundation for Children's Health. Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs, et al.
- County/Regional Reports
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- Annual Report on the Conditions of Children in Orange County. Orange County Children's Partnership.
- Key Indicators of Health by Service Planning Area. (2017). Los Angeles County Dept. of Public Health.
- Orange County Community Indicators Report. Orange County Business Council, et al.
- More Data Sources For Characteristics of Children with Special Needs
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- California Health and Human Services Open Data Portal. California Health and Human Services Agency.
- California Health Interview Survey. UCLA Center for Health Policy Research.
- Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative.
- DataQuest. California Dept. of Education.
- Health, United States – Data Finder. National Center for Health Statistics.
- National Survey of Children's Health. Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative.
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